UNDERSTANDING ANXIETY LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY: THE IMPACT OF FAMILY SUPPORT ON FACING CHILDBIRTH
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Abstract
Background: Anxiety during pregnancy is a significant global health concern, affecting both maternal and fetal health and potentially complicating the childbirth process while increasing the risk of postpartum depression. Aim: This study aims to investigate the role of family support in mitigating anxiety during pregnancy. Method: Quantitative research employing a cross-sectional approach was conducted using purposive sampling. Data collection utilized a family support questionnaire and the Prenatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS). Results: Analysis revealed that 20% of pregnant women receiving family support experienced severe anxiety, indicating a non-significant effect (p = 0.140). Conclusion: Enhancing education and implementing anxiety screening can increase awareness among mothers and families, enabling early detection and prompt healthcare interventions to reduce maternal and infant health risks.
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References
Abidah, S. N., Dwi Anggraini, F., Nisa’, F., Nuriyana, M., & Halwa, R. (2021). Husband Support Correlates with Maternal Anxiety Levels During Pregnancy in The Third Trimester. Journal of Health Sciences, 14(3), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.33086/jhs.v14i3.1917
Bayrampour, H., Vinturache, A., Hetherington, E., Lorenzetti, D. L., & Tough, S. (2018). Risk factors for antenatal anxiety: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 36(5), 476–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2018.1492097
Briscoe, L., Lavender, T., & McGowan, L. (2016). A concept analysis of women’s vulnerability during Pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(10), 2330–2345. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13017
Cohen, M. M., Ansara, D., Schei, B., Stuckless, N., & Stewart, D. E. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder after pregnancy labor, and delivery. Journal of Women’s Health, 13(3), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1089/154099904323016473
Dennis, C.-L., Brown, H. K., Falah-Hassani, K., Marini, F. C., & Vigod, S. N. (2017). Identifying women at risk for sustained postpartum anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 213, 131–137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.013
Dennis, C. L., Falah-Hassani, K., & Shiri, R. (2017). Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(5), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187179
Diani, & Susilawati. (2013). Pengaruh Dukungan Suami Terhadap Istri Yang Mengalami Kecemasan Pada Kehamilan Trimester Ketiga Di Kabupaten Gianyar. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, 1(1–11).
Fawcett, E. J., Fairbrother, N., Cox, M. L., White, I. R., & Fawcett, J. M. (2019). The Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 80(4). https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.18r12527
Huang, J., Xu, L., Xu, Z., Luo, Y., Liao, B., Li, Y., & Shi, Y. (2022). The relationship among pregnancy-related anxiety, perceived social support, family function and resilience in Chinese pregnant women: a structural equation modeling analysis. BMC Women’s Health, 22(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-02145-7
Jannah, N. (2015). Buku Ajar Asuhan Kebidanan. Andy.
John-Akinola, Y. O., Babatunde, O. O., & Desmennu, A. T. (2022). Perspectives of Women About Social Support Provided by Men During Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 26(6), 1255–1260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03303-3
Klaman, S. L., & Turner, K. (2016). Prevalence of Perinatal Depression in the Military: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20, 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-2172-0
Mahini, E., Hakimi, S., Shahrokhi, H., Salahi, B., Baniadam, K. O., & Ranjbar, F. (2023). Evaluation of factors related to maternal anxiety during Pregnancy among women referred to Tabriz primary care centers. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04823-8
Maimunah, siti. (2009). Kecemasan ibu hamil menjelang persalinan pertama. Humanity, V(1), 61–66.
Mandagi, D. V. V., Pali, C., & Sinolungan, J. S. V. (2013). Perbedaan Tingkat Kecemasan Pada Primigravida Dan Multigravida Di Rsia Kasih Ibu Manado. Jurnal E-Biomedik, 1(1), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.35790/ebm.1.1.2013.1617
Nekoee, T., & Zarei, M. (2015). Evaluation the Anxiety Status of Pregnant Women in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy and Fear of Childbirth and Related Factors. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 9(12), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2015/19784
Reszel, J., Peterson, W. E., & Moreau, D. (2014). Young Women’s Experiences of Expected Health Behaviors During Pregnancy: The Importance of Emotional Support. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 31(4), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370016.2014.958395
Rezaeian, S. M., Abedian, Z., Roodsari, R. L., Mazloom, S. R., & Dadgar, S. (2017). The relationship of prenatal Self-Care behaviors with Stress, anxiety and depression in women at risk of preterm delivery. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility, 20(3), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.22038/ijogi.2017.8874
Rinata, E., & Andayani, G. A. (2018). Karakteristik ibu (usia, paritas, pendidikan) dan dukungan keluarga dengan kecemasan ibu hamil trimester III. Medisains, 16(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.30595/medisains.v16i1.2063
Schetter, C. D. (2011). Psychological science on Pregnancy: Stress processes, biopsychosocial models, and emerging research issues. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 531–558. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130727
Sharapova, A., & Ratcliff, B. G. (2018). Psychosocial and sociocultural factors influencing antenatal anxiety and depression in non-precarious migrant women. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(JUL), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01200
Simarmata, I. D., Budihastuti, U. R., & Tamtomo, D. (2019). Effect of Social Suport and Social Interaction on Anxiety Among Pregnant Women. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 4(4), 287–293. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.04.08
Skouteris, H., Wertheim, E. H., Rallis, S., Milgrom, J., & Paxton, S. J. (2009). Depression and anxiety through Pregnancy and the early postpartum: An examination of prospective relationships. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113(3), 303–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.002
Trisiani, D., & Hikmawati, R. (2016). HUbungan Kecemasan Ibu Hamil terhadap Kejadian Preeklampsia di RSUD Majalaya Kabupaten Bandung. Jurnal Ilmiah Bidan, 1(3).
van de Loo, K. F. E., Vlenterie, R., Nikkels, S. J., Merkus, P. J. F. M., Roukema, J., Verhaak, C. M., Roeleveld, N., & van Gelder, M. M. H. J. (2018). Depression and anxiety during Pregnancy: The influence of maternal characteristics. Birth, 45(4), 478–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12343
Wallace, K., & Araji, S. (2020). An Overview of Maternal Anxiety During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Journal of Mental Health & Clinical Psychology, 4(4), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-2959/2020/4.1221
WHO. (2023). Depressive disorder (depression). WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
Xian, T., Zhuo, L., Dihui, H., & Xiaoni, Z. (2019). Journal of A ff ective Disorders In fl uencing factors for prenatal Stress , anxiety and depression in early Pregnancy among women in Chongqing , China. 253(March), 292–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.003
Yin, X., Sun, N., Jiang, N., Xu, X., Gan, Y., Zhang, J., Qiu, L., Yang, C., Shi, X., Chang, J., & Gong, Y. (2021). Prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depression: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 83, 101932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101932
Abidah, S. N., Dwi Anggraini, F., Nisa’, F., Nuriyana, M., & Halwa, R. (2021). Husband Support Correlates with Maternal Anxiety Levels During Pregnancy in The Third Trimester. Journal of Health Sciences, 14(3), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.33086/jhs.v14i3.1917
Bayrampour, H., Vinturache, A., Hetherington, E., Lorenzetti, D. L., & Tough, S. (2018). Risk factors for antenatal anxiety: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 36(5), 476–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2018.1492097
Briscoe, L., Lavender, T., & McGowan, L. (2016). A concept analysis of women’s vulnerability during Pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(10), 2330–2345. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13017
Cohen, M. M., Ansara, D., Schei, B., Stuckless, N., & Stewart, D. E. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder after pregnancy labor, and delivery. Journal of Women’s Health, 13(3), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1089/154099904323016473
Dennis, C.-L., Brown, H. K., Falah-Hassani, K., Marini, F. C., & Vigod, S. N. (2017). Identifying women at risk for sustained postpartum anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 213, 131–137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.013
Dennis, C. L., Falah-Hassani, K., & Shiri, R. (2017). Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(5), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187179
Diani, & Susilawati. (2013). Pengaruh Dukungan Suami Terhadap Istri Yang Mengalami Kecemasan Pada Kehamilan Trimester Ketiga Di Kabupaten Gianyar. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, 1(1–11).
Fawcett, E. J., Fairbrother, N., Cox, M. L., White, I. R., & Fawcett, J. M. (2019). The Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 80(4). https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.18r12527
Huang, J., Xu, L., Xu, Z., Luo, Y., Liao, B., Li, Y., & Shi, Y. (2022). The relationship among pregnancy-related anxiety, perceived social support, family function and resilience in Chinese pregnant women: a structural equation modeling analysis. BMC Women’s Health, 22(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-02145-7
Jannah, N. (2015). Buku Ajar Asuhan Kebidanan. Andy.
John-Akinola, Y. O., Babatunde, O. O., & Desmennu, A. T. (2022). Perspectives of Women About Social Support Provided by Men During Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 26(6), 1255–1260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03303-3
Klaman, S. L., & Turner, K. (2016). Prevalence of Perinatal Depression in the Military: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20, 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-2172-0
Mahini, E., Hakimi, S., Shahrokhi, H., Salahi, B., Baniadam, K. O., & Ranjbar, F. (2023). Evaluation of factors related to maternal anxiety during Pregnancy among women referred to Tabriz primary care centers. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04823-8
Maimunah, siti. (2009). Kecemasan ibu hamil menjelang persalinan pertama. Humanity, V(1), 61–66.
Mandagi, D. V. V., Pali, C., & Sinolungan, J. S. V. (2013). Perbedaan Tingkat Kecemasan Pada Primigravida Dan Multigravida Di Rsia Kasih Ibu Manado. Jurnal E-Biomedik, 1(1), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.35790/ebm.1.1.2013.1617
Nekoee, T., & Zarei, M. (2015). Evaluation the Anxiety Status of Pregnant Women in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy and Fear of Childbirth and Related Factors. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 9(12), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2015/19784
Reszel, J., Peterson, W. E., & Moreau, D. (2014). Young Women’s Experiences of Expected Health Behaviors During Pregnancy: The Importance of Emotional Support. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 31(4), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370016.2014.958395
Rezaeian, S. M., Abedian, Z., Roodsari, R. L., Mazloom, S. R., & Dadgar, S. (2017). The relationship of prenatal Self-Care behaviors with Stress, anxiety and depression in women at risk of preterm delivery. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility, 20(3), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.22038/ijogi.2017.8874
Rinata, E., & Andayani, G. A. (2018). Karakteristik ibu (usia, paritas, pendidikan) dan dukungan keluarga dengan kecemasan ibu hamil trimester III. Medisains, 16(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.30595/medisains.v16i1.2063
Schetter, C. D. (2011). Psychological science on Pregnancy: Stress processes, biopsychosocial models, and emerging research issues. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 531–558. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130727
Sharapova, A., & Ratcliff, B. G. (2018). Psychosocial and sociocultural factors influencing antenatal anxiety and depression in non-precarious migrant women. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(JUL), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01200
Simarmata, I. D., Budihastuti, U. R., & Tamtomo, D. (2019). Effect of Social Suport and Social Interaction on Anxiety Among Pregnant Women. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 4(4), 287–293. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.04.08
Skouteris, H., Wertheim, E. H., Rallis, S., Milgrom, J., & Paxton, S. J. (2009). Depression and anxiety through Pregnancy and the early postpartum: An examination of prospective relationships. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113(3), 303–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.002
Trisiani, D., & Hikmawati, R. (2016). HUbungan Kecemasan Ibu Hamil terhadap Kejadian Preeklampsia di RSUD Majalaya Kabupaten Bandung. Jurnal Ilmiah Bidan, 1(3).
van de Loo, K. F. E., Vlenterie, R., Nikkels, S. J., Merkus, P. J. F. M., Roukema, J., Verhaak, C. M., Roeleveld, N., & van Gelder, M. M. H. J. (2018). Depression and anxiety during Pregnancy: The influence of maternal characteristics. Birth, 45(4), 478–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12343
Wallace, K., & Araji, S. (2020). An Overview of Maternal Anxiety During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Journal of Mental Health & Clinical Psychology, 4(4), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-2959/2020/4.1221
WHO. (2023). Depressive disorder (depression). WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
Xian, T., Zhuo, L., Dihui, H., & Xiaoni, Z. (2019). Journal of A ff ective Disorders In fl uencing factors for prenatal Stress , anxiety and depression in early Pregnancy among women in Chongqing , China. 253(March), 292–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.003
Yin, X., Sun, N., Jiang, N., Xu, X., Gan, Y., Zhang, J., Qiu, L., Yang, C., Shi, X., Chang, J., & Gong, Y. (2021). Prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depression: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 83, 101932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101932